E-ISSN 2548-0839
Volume : 7 Issue : 3 Year : 2024

Metrics

1.8
2022 IMPACT FACTOR
1.6
5 year Impact Factor
0.00041
Eigenfactor
2.6
2022 CiteScore
90/157
Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate, 2023)(Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine (Science))
SCImago Journal & Country Rank
European Endodontic Journal Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Action, and Cytotoxicity of Ambroxol Hydrochloride, N-acetylcysteine, and Calcium Hydroxide Pastes [Eur Endod J]
Eur Endod J. 2022; 7(3): 217-222 | DOI: 10.14744/eej.2022.30306

Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Action, and Cytotoxicity of Ambroxol Hydrochloride, N-acetylcysteine, and Calcium Hydroxide Pastes

Pedro Henrique Souza Calefi1, India de Azevedo Queiroz1, Murilo Alcalde2, Sandra Oliveira3, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan1, Paulo Henrique Weckwerth4, Augusto Shoji Kato1, Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte1
1Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
2Department of Dentistry, University Sagrado Coração, Bauru, São Paulo
3Department of Basic Science, Araçatuba Dental School, UNESP, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
4Department of Mibrobiology, Unimed Hospital, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

Objective: To evaluate the solubility, pH, antimicrobial action, and cytotoxicity of ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes for use as intracanal medications.
Methods: Solubility was determined by micro-CT, based on the paste volume remaining after immersion in water for 7 days. pH was measured by immersing acrylic tubes containing the pastes in ultrapure water and then measuring pH after 3 hours, 3 days, and 7 days. Antimicrobial action against Enterococcus faecalis was assessed based on the percentage of living cells, using the live/dead staining method under confocal microscopy. Cytotoxicity was assessed based on the cell viability of L929 fibroblast-like cells after 6, 24, and 48 hours. Cytotoxicity data were compared using the ANOVA and Tukey tests, and the antimicrobial data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. The significance level used was 5% (α=0.05).
Results: The solubility values for all the study groups were significantly different (P<0.05), where the highest values were for NAC, followed by AMB, and then CH. Likewise, the pH levels were all significantly different (P<0.05), where NAC and AMB levels were acidic, and CH levels were alkaline. The antimicrobial action of AMB was significantly higher than that of CH (P<0.05), and that of NAC was also higher than that of CH, albeit not significantly. AMB and NAC were more cytotoxic than CH, and higher dilutions of CH promoted higher cell viability levels than lower dilutions of the same paste (P<0.05).
Conclusion: : The NAC and AMB pastes were more soluble and cytotoxic than the CH paste and had acidic pH levels. The AMB paste displayed the highest antimicrobial action against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. (EEJ-2021-12-209)

Keywords: Acetylcysteine, ambroxol hydrochloride, calcium hydroxide, Enterococcus faecalis, intracanal medicaments

Pedro Henrique Souza Calefi, India de Azevedo Queiroz, Murilo Alcalde, Sandra Oliveira, Rodrigo Ricci Vivan, Paulo Henrique Weckwerth, Augusto Shoji Kato, Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte. Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties, Antimicrobial Action, and Cytotoxicity of Ambroxol Hydrochloride, N-acetylcysteine, and Calcium Hydroxide Pastes. Eur Endod J. 2022; 7(3): 217-222

Corresponding Author: Augusto Shoji Kato
Manuscript Language: English
LookUs & Online Makale